Everything You Need to Know About the Saint Bernard Breed
Brief Introduction
The Saint Bernard, a powerfully built and famously gentle dog, is instantly recognizable. Known for its large size, soulful eyes, and historical role in rescuing travelers in the Swiss Alps, the Saint Bernard is more than just a mountain rescuer; it’s a devoted family member. Their imposing stature is balanced by a remarkably patient temperament, making them surprisingly good with children. While their size requires space and a certain level of commitment, the reward is a loyal and loving companion. These dogs are not just pets; they are part of the family.
Breed History
Origins in the Swiss Alps
The Saint Bernard’s history is intertwined with the Great St Bernard Pass, a treacherous route through the Swiss Alps. Sometime in the 17th century, monks at the hospice of the Great St. Bernard began using these dogs, descendants of ancient mastiff-type breeds, for rescue work. These early ancestors, likely related to the Alpine Mastiff and other similar breeds, were larger and heavier than the modern Saint Bernard.
The Role of Rescue Dogs
Initially, the dogs served as watchdogs and companions to the monks. Their keen sense of smell and ability to navigate in deep snow soon made them invaluable in locating and rescuing travelers who had become lost or buried in avalanches. The dogs worked in teams, using their powerful noses to find victims, and their size and strength to dig them out or provide warmth until help arrived.
Breed Development and Refinement
Over centuries, the monks carefully bred the dogs to improve their rescue capabilities. They selected for traits such as size, strength, a thick coat for protection against the cold, and a gentle, tolerant temperament. While the exact lineage is somewhat unclear, it’s believed that breeds such as the Great Dane, Newfoundland, and Pyrenean Mountain Dog may have contributed to the Saint Bernard’s development. A tragic period in the 19th century, during which many dogs perished from avalanches and disease, led to the introduction of Newfoundland blood to help save the breed. This cross resulted in the longer-haired variety that we see today. While the short-haired variety is more like the breed of old, the longer haired verision is just as popular and majestic.
Appearance
Size and Weight
Saint Bernards are, without a doubt, large dogs. Males typically stand between 28 and 30 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh between 140 and 180 pounds. Females are slightly smaller, with a height of 26 to 28 inches and a weight of 120 to 140 pounds. Their sheer size is one of their most distinctive features.
Coat and Color
The Saint Bernard comes in two coat varieties: smooth (short-haired) and rough (long-haired). Both types have a dense, weather-resistant double coat. Acceptable colors include:
- White with red patches
- Red with white patches
- Brindle with white markings
Dark shading on the face and ears is typical, as is a white blaze on the face, chest, feet, and tail tip.
Head and Facial Features
The Saint Bernard has a massive head with a well-defined muzzle. The facial features give them a kind, intelligent expression. The eyes are medium-sized, set relatively deep, and are typically brown, though lighter eye color is permissible. The ears are medium-sized, triangular, and hang down. The Saint Bernard is known for its characteristic wrinkles around the face, adding to its charm.
Body and Tail
The Saint Bernard has a strong, muscular body with a broad chest and a powerful build. The tail is long and heavy, reaching to the hocks. When standing, the tail hangs low, but it may be carried higher when the dog is excited or moving.
Character and Behavior
Temperament and Personality
Despite their size, Saint Bernards are known for their exceptionally gentle nature. They are patient, tolerant, and affectionate dogs, making them wonderful family companions. They are generally good-natured and enjoy being around people. Their calm and laid-back demeanor makes them well-suited for families with children.
Attitude Towards Children
Saint Bernards are known to be exceptionally patient and tolerant with children. Their protective instinct makes them natural guardians, and they are often very gentle and careful with youngsters. However, due to their large size, supervision is always recommended, especially with very young children, to prevent accidental injury.
Socialization with Other Animals
With proper socialization from a young age, Saint Bernards can get along well with other dogs and even cats. Early exposure to different animals helps them develop positive relationships and prevents potential issues like jealousy or aggression. Like any dog, individual personalities vary, so careful introductions and supervision are essential.
Activity Level and Exercise Needs
Despite their working background, Saint Bernards are relatively low-energy dogs. While they need regular exercise to stay healthy and prevent weight gain, they don’t require excessive amounts of physical activity. A daily walk or two, combined with some playtime in the yard, is usually sufficient. However, it’s crucial to avoid overexerting them, especially in hot weather, as they are prone to overheating.
Trainability and Intelligence
Saint Bernards are intelligent dogs, but they can also be independent and somewhat stubborn. This means that training requires patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement. They respond well to reward-based methods, such as treats and praise. Early socialization and obedience training are essential to ensure that they develop into well-behaved and manageable companions. Their eagerness to please can be used to create a powerful bond between you and the dog. 
Care and Maintenance
Grooming Needs
Saint Bernards require regular grooming to maintain their coat and prevent matting. Both the smooth and rough-coated varieties shed, with heavier shedding occurring seasonally. Regular brushing, ideally several times a week, will help remove loose hair and keep their coat looking its best. Bathing should only be done when necessary, as excessive bathing can strip the coat of its natural oils. Nail trimming, ear cleaning, and dental care are also essential components of their grooming routine. Be prepared for regular grooming sessions!
Exercise Requirements
As mentioned earlier, Saint Bernards don’t require excessive exercise. However, moderate, regular activity is important for their physical and mental well-being. Daily walks, playtime in the yard, and occasional trips to the park or beach are all good ways to keep them active. Avoid strenuous exercise, especially during hot weather, to prevent overheating. Remember, puppies should have their exercise carefully monitored to prevent joint issues.
Diet and Feeding
Saint Bernards need a high-quality dog food formulated for large breeds. Portion control is crucial to prevent obesity, which can exacerbate joint problems. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the appropriate amount of food for your dog based on their age, weight, activity level, and overall health. Divide their daily food intake into two or three meals to reduce the risk of bloat, a life-threatening condition common in large, deep-chested breeds. Ensure fresh water is always available. A balanced diet is key for a happy and healthy dog.
Health Considerations
Like all breeds, Saint Bernards are prone to certain health problems. Some of the most common concerns include:
- Hip and elbow dysplasia
- Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
- Bloat (gastric torsion)
- Entropion and ectropion (eyelid problems)
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (heart disease)
Responsible breeders screen their dogs for these conditions to minimize the risk of passing them on to their offspring. Regular veterinary checkups are essential for early detection and management of any health issues.
Breed Weaknesses
Potential for Aggression
While Saint Bernards are generally known for their gentle nature, any dog can exhibit aggression if not properly socialized and trained. It’s crucial to start socialization early and consistently expose them to different people, animals, and environments. Consistent training and clear boundaries are also essential. However, aggression is not typical within the breed.
Loyalty and Independence
Saint Bernards are generally loyal and devoted to their families. However, they can also be somewhat independent and stubborn, which can make training challenging. Patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement are key to overcoming this tendency. A strong bond with your dog will encourage loyalty.
Specific Breed Weaknesses
Aside from the health concerns mentioned earlier, Saint Bernards are also prone to overheating due to their thick coats and large size. It’s essential to take precautions to keep them cool in hot weather, such as providing plenty of shade and water, and avoiding strenuous exercise during the hottest parts of the day. The risk of bloat is also significant, requiring careful feeding management. Drooling is another common characteristic of the breed, which can be a drawback for some owners. The characteristic drooling is something to consider.
Conclusion
The Saint Bernard is a magnificent and loving family companion, best suited for owners who have the space, time, and resources to provide for their needs. They thrive in homes with families who enjoy a relatively relaxed lifestyle. Their gentle nature and patience make them wonderful companions for children, but supervision is always necessary due to their size. If you’re prepared for the grooming demands, potential health issues, and occasional stubbornness, the Saint Bernard can be a truly rewarding addition to your family. With a bit of research and preparation, anyone can open the doors to their heart, and welcome the mighty Saint Bernard into their loving arms!